Index  441

Raman–​Nath diffraction 214

Raman spectroscopy 62, 150–​3, 222, 224,

322, 417

random flight model see freely jointed

chain

random telegraph model 377, 391

random walk 78, 339, 342, 344, 350,

365–​6, 395, 400

ratiometric pH indicator 88

Rayleigh criterion 113, 126, 374

Rayleigh equation 145

Rayleigh light scattering

145–​6, 151, 157

reaction-​diffusion equation 351–​2, 354,

359

reaction-​diffusion processes 353

reaction-​limited 351, 353–​5, 358, 401, 406,

414–​15

reactive force field 327

readout noise 73

ReaxFF see reactive force field

recombinant DNA 274

redox enzymes 410

reduced mass 60

reduced model see minimal model

reductionist 396

regenerative medicine 256, 413

relativistic relation 163

relaxation pathways 83

replica exchange MCMC sampling 326

resonance Raman spectroscopy 151–​2

resonant inelastic soft x-​ray scattering see

RIXS

restriction endonucleases 269

restriction sites 274

reverse engineering 403

Reynolds number 217, 293, 301, 365, 428

rheology 21, 206, 208–​10, 254

rhodopsin 31, 251, 280

RIXS 179

RNA 19, 21, 23, 30, 32, 34–​6, 38–​42, 45–​8,

51–​2, 55, 62, 83, 88, 152, 193, 219, 245,

268–​70, 274, 276–​7, 298, 335, 350–​1,

390–​1, 413–​14

robustness 47, 164, 302, 379, 399, 405, 427,

432

Rodlike limit 256–​8, 345

rotational correlation time 66

Saccharomyces 16, 96, 271

Saffman–​Delbrück equations 68

Salmonella 400

salting out 282

Sanger shotgun see DNA sequencing

SANS 198

satellite lines 174

satellite transitions 185

saturated pattern excitation microscopy

123

saturated structured illumination

microscopy see SSIM

saturation curve 283–​4

Sawtooth pattern 237, 260

SAXS 5, 175, 178–​9, 198

scaffolds 404, 421

scale-​free networks 399

scanning electron microscopy see SEM

scanning ion conductance microscopy see

SICM

scanning IR spectrophotometer 60

scanning tunneling microscopy see STM

scanning transmission x-​ray microscope

see STXM

scattering formula see Rayleigh equation

scattering vector 146

Schrödinger’s equation 85, 319

SDM see site-​directed mutagenesis

SDS-​page see gel electrophoresis

SE see spin-​echo

second harmonic imaging 143, 286

second-​order nonlinear optical imaging of

chiral crystals 286

sector mass spectrometer 227

secondary antibody 268

sedimentation coefficient 52, 207

seed crystals 286

selective plane illumination microscopy

see light sheet microscopy

selectively permeable membrane 208

Sellmeier equation 91

SEM 165–​7, 236

semiempirical potentials 327

semipermeable membrane see selectively

permeable membrane

SERS 151–​2

SHI see second harmonic imaging

shot noise 189, 215–​16

signal transduction 41, 48, 365, 380, 382,

384, 397, 400, 405–​6

SICM 231

SILAC 227

silver staining 245

SIM 120, 122

simple analysis at mars instrument 228

simulated annealing 326

single-​beam gradient force trap see optical

tweezers

single crystal monochromatic radiation

method 177

single-​molecule FRET see smFRET

single-​molecule high-​resolution

colocalization 116

single-​particle tracking see localization

microscopy

single-​photon emission CT see SPECT

single-​photon excitation 82, 106, 140,

376

single point charge 329

site-​directed mutagenesis 192, 276

skin 37, 171, 188, 255, 273, 307, 421

sleeping sickness 18, 271

slimfield 90–​1, 102–​6, 311, 376

SLM see spatial light modulator

SLS see static light scattering

small-​angle neutron scattering see SANS

small-​angle x-​ray scattering see SAXS

small interfering RNA 277

SMD see steered MD

smFRET 129–​32

Smoluchowski equation 352

SNAP/​CLIP tags 89, 279

Snap freezing see cryofixation

Snell’s law 92, 430

SNOM see near-​field optical microscopy

sodium dodecyl sulfate 244

soft condensed matter 13, 15

soft-​matter nanopores 249–​51

solid-​state nanopores 248–​9

solvent evaporation method 284

solvation shell 330

solvation sphere see solvation shell

sonication 275

sonoporation 275

SOS response 309

sparrow limit 100

spatial light modulator 125, 215

spatial sampling 397

SPECT 306–​7

spectral imaging 102

spectrophotometery 52–​5

spin-​1/​2 nuclei 185

spin-​echo 190

spin-​flip 185

spin labels 192

spin–​lattice relaxation 187

spin–​spin relaxation 187

SPR 68, 151, 292, 417

SPRAIPAINT 120

sputtering 290

squid axon 303, 396

SSIM 123

stable isotopic labelling by amino acids in

cell culture see SILAC

standard model 182

Staphylococcus 20, 55, 249, 416

staples 409

static light scattering 141, 145, 178, 283

STED 120–​2

steered MD 328–​9

stem cells 46, 99, 420–​1

stepper motor 299

sticky end see toehold

Stillinger–​Weber potential 234

stimulated-​emission depletion microscopy

see STED

STM 239–​41

stochastic activation 118

stochastic optical reconstruction

microscopy see STORM

Stokes–​Einstein relation 53, 67–​8, 103,

105, 148, 207, 258, 392

Stokes radius 83, 100, 103, 106, 135, 147–​9,

165, 217, 256, 258, 269, 344, 390–​1